First last in sas - first.DATE1 and last.DATE1 mark the beginning and the end of each group for DATE1 inside each group for ID. So to find the start or the end of any (ID, DATE1) group inside the dataset you should look only at FIRST and LAST for DATE1. Now to finding the max value of DATE2.

 
Launch the SAS program, and edit the LIBNAME statement so that it reflects the location in which you saved the background data set. Then, run the SAS program, and review the output from the PRINT procedure. Compare the output to the output of that from the previous example to convince yourself that the temporary data set back1 indeed contains fourteen observations — observations 7, 8 .... If i weigh 230 what is my bmi

As was shown, MONOTONIC () is unreliable when used in conjunction with a HAVING clause. By splitting the SQL into two steps, it works, but just look at this: data Test; do I=1 to 1e7; output; output; end; run; data Test_first; set Test; by I; if first.I; run; proc sql; create table Test_monotonic as.So you will need to make a NEW variable so you can RETAIN the first value. If you don't need the original variable (the one with the zeros) then DROP it. If you would like the new variable to use the same name as the old then add a RENAME statement. data want; set have; if _n_=1 then newvar=x; retain newvar; drop x;Jun 2, 2021 · Re: Finding the first and last values. This is another example where bad data structure causes one to write unnecessarily complicated code. First, transpose your data to a long layout: ; proc transpose data=have out=long (where=(col1 ne "")); by name; var source:; run; Now the exercise becomes very simple: byにgroupformatをつけて、フォーマット値によるfirst last処理をする話. ソートされたデータをbyで指定してsetするとfirst lastを利用した処理ができます。. first lastはあくまでby変数の値によって0 1が立つのですが、groupformatオプションを使うと、値そのものでは ...Method 1: PROC SQL. The first method to calculate the weighted average in SAS is with PROC SQL. The code is straightforward and easy to remember. You simply write out the formula of the weighted average. That is, you take the sum of the weights multiplied by the scores, and you divide this by the sum of the weights.Sample 26013: Carry non-missing values down a BY-Group. Use BY-Group processing, RETAIN, and conditional logic to carry non-missing values down a BY-Group. These sample files and code examples are provided by SAS Institute Inc. "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties ...This may get close to the duration depending on responses to those questions. data want ; set jobhist ; by id jobnum farm_ever ; retain start ; if first.id then start= -999; if farm_ever=1 and start=-999 then start=startyear; else if farm_ever=0 then start=-999; if last.id and start ne -999 then duration = endyear-start; run ;As Paige said, the best tool is data step,NOT sql. Anyway, there is some sql code could get first last. But I don't like it. proc sort data=sashelp.class out=have;by sex;run; ods select none; ods output sql_results=sql_results; proc sql number; select * from have; quit; ods select all; proc sql; create table want as select * from sql_results group by sex having row=min(row) or row=max(row); quit;Use FIRST. and LAST. variables to find count the size of groups. The first example uses data from the Sashelp.Heart data set, which contains data for 5,209 patients in a medical study of heart disease. The data are distributed with SAS.Join us for SAS Innovate April 16-19 at the Aria in Las Vegas. Bring the team and save big with our group pricing for a limited time only. Pre-conference courses and tutorials are filling up fast and are always a sellout.How it works. FIRST.variable = 1 when an observation is the first observation in each group values of variable ID. FIRST.variable = 0 when an observation is not the first observation in each group values of variable ID. LAST.variable = 1 when an observation is the last observation in each group values of variable ID.Mar 21, 2019 ... Enumeration in SAS - within a group and by group (concept of first.variable and last.variable) · Comments14.Jan 14, 2012 · create table first_last(drop=row) as. select * from numbered . having row EQ min(row) union all. select * from numbered . having row EQ max(row) ; drop table numbered ; quit; Note that this will generate two rows if the given data set has one row (test that by un-commenting the OBS= option). run; proc print data=state.state_final; run; It runs well/ however, in the first variable (states) there are states like new york and that add an extra space which throws everything off. So how do I in cases where there is spaces between the state names put them together in one in variable 1 (states). Please include it in my code.Use of last. and first. in SASI wanted to see if this was doable in SAS. I have a dataset of the members of congress and want to split full name into first and last. However, occasionally they seem to list their middle initial or name. ... If there are only 2 strings, the first and last are pretty easy with scan and substring: data names2; set names; if Nr_of_str = 2 then ...If you use a by statement along with a set statement in a data step then SAS creates two automatic variables, FIRST.variable and LAST.variable, where variable is the name of the by variable. FIRST.variable has a value 1 for the first observation in the by group and 0 for all other observations in the by group. FIRST and LAST processing are temporary variables created automatically by a DATA step when a BY statement is used. The values of these Boolean variables will either be 1 for true or 0 for false. FIRST.variable: This variable gets a value of 1 the moment a new group begins within your sorted dataset (based on your BY variables). For all other ... How it works. FIRST.variable = 1 when an observation is the first observation in each group values of variable ID. FIRST.variable = 0 when an observation is not the first observation in each group values of variable ID. LAST.variable = 1 when an observation is the last observation in each group values of variable ID.Example 3: Select The First and Last Observations In SAS. You can use _N_ automatic variable and end=last_obs temporary numeric variable to identify and extract the first and last observations from the sas dataset. The first observation can be extracted using the condition _N_=1 whereas the last observation can be extracted using condition last ...The last function is not really the opposite of first, in terms of which item from the window it returns. It returns the last non-null, value it has seen, as it progresses through the ordered rows. To compare their effects, here is a dataframe with both function/ordering combinations.You can use the LAG function in SAS to retrieve lagged values of some variable.. This function uses the following basic syntax: lag1_value = lag (value); By default, lag finds the previous value of some variable. However, you can use lag2, lag3, lagn, etc. to calculate the 2-lagged, 3-lagged, n-lagged, etc. values of some variable.. The following examples show how to use the lag function in ...Until now, SAS gave the lowest rank to the lowest score. However, with the descending option, you can rank your data in descending order. In the example below, we rank the data such that the observation with the lowest score gets the highest rank. proc rank data =work.ds_srt2 out=work.ex_rank_6 descending; var score;SAS forward observers also directed British artillery and aircraft. Operation Paraquet, 25 ... who had been attached to A Squadron from the SBS, was the first UKSF combat fatality in the Iraq War. The Operation turned up actual proof of an internationalist jihadist movement. ... This page was last edited on 30 March 2024, at 15:06 ...Re: counting with first last. Posted 06-05-2013 03:55 PM (1500 views) | In reply to SAS_new. Yes, it can be done with .last variables. I assumed the data has the structure you presented : data visits; length patient visit $10; infile datalines missover; input patient visit @; do while (not missing (visit));2 The SAS System 15:35 Thursday, September 17, 2015. SYMBOLGEN: Macro variable TODAYMINUS1 resolves to 17. 18 %put todayminus1=&todayminus1; todayminus1= 17. 19. 20 /*If the day of the month is first then we have to use the last month first day and last month last day for date. 20 ! calculations*/ 21 %macro FirstDayOfMonth; 22 %IF (&todayminus1 ...In our example, the FIRST.race variable is 1 when SAS processes row 1, 3, and 6 because these are the first row of each “race-group”. Because the number 1 has the same meaning as TRUE, we can use FIRST.race in an IF Statement to filter the first row per group. data work.first_by_group; set work.my_ds_srt; by race;Re: Select from the first to the k-th element in a macro list variable. If you need to keep the commas, here's a trick that might work. (I can't test it at the moment so that part is up to you). %let list = a1, a2, a3, a4, a5; %macro first3; %global newmacrovar; %let newmacrovar=;Jun 9, 2021 ... Comments11 ; Creating first name and last name from full name in SAS · 4.4K views ; First.Variable and Last.Variable in SAS | First. and Last.SAS matches the first value in the list with the first variable in the list of elements, the second value with the second variable, and so on. Element values are enclosed in quotation marks. To specify one or more initial values directly, use the following format: ... SAS uses the last value.) You can also use RETAIN to assign an initial value ...If you came from a SAS programming background, you may have seen the INTNX function that applies basic arithmetic to dates. For example, you can use the function to add or subtract days, weeks, months, quarters, or years to an existing date. By setting the alignment parameter, you can establish if the resulting date will be in the beginning of the …@AJ_Brien:. You're talking about numeric and character variables. However, in your sample output ACC, TIME, and MONEY are all left-justified. Whatever SAS interface you're using to view the data shown here, it's a sure sign that these variables are stored as the character type.Hi all! I have a data set with a bunch of IDs as string variable like eg.below. I want to delete all the characters from "(" and include only the numbers before "(" for each ID. Any help with SAS code is much appreciated. Thanks! ID 48 (500_82) 49 (501_82) Want: ID_New 48 49yes, quite right: I always get the order of the first/last mixed up with the variable--too much object oriented programming--and indeed it does remove any that only have a singular observation. here is the corrected code: ... Don't miss out on SAS Innovate - Register now for the FREE Livestream!Whenever a SAS dataset is sorted, the BY variables are assigned “FIRST.”/”LAST.” expressions that represent a single numeric value that you can use in a SAS program to …The reason for reordering variables in my case was to prepare existing SAS data sets for XML output using an XML map or schema. The PROC SQL method was the best fit because XML schema are case sensitive and variable name case (as well as variable name) can be manipulated via an AS statement in PROC SQL - and of course, one could specify variable order as well.Example 3: How To Use LAST. Variable In SAS. The LAST. function assigns value 1 to the last observation and 0 for the rest of the observations within the group.. You can use the Last. to extract the last observation and either store it in the separate dataset or update the existing dataset.. The following example creates a new sas dataset …Re: Calculate difference between first and last observation. Posted 04-09-2017 01:11 PM (2452 views) | In reply to mhinchy. Here is one way: data want; set have end=last; retain first; if _n_ eq 1 then first=profit; if last then do; result=profit-first;Values. First. Variable: 1의 값을 가지면 by group의 가장 첫 번째 관측치임을 표시한다 그 외에는 0 의 값을 갖는다. Last. Variable: 1의 값을 가지면 by group의 가장 마지막 관측치임을 표시한다. 그 외에는 0 의 값을 갖는다. 1)DATA STEP. 2)OUTPUT.I'm looking to do a one-to-many merge in SAS, where I would like to only keep the first match. Example data below: input id $ fruit $; input id $ color $; merge one two; by id; As you can see, this is a one-to-many merge. Is there a way to make it keep only the first match? i.e. the output would be as below: d coconut .Example 4: Retaining the First Observation of Each BY Group. The EQUALS option, which is the default, must be in effect to ensure that the first observation for each BY group is the one that is retained by the NODUPKEY option. If the NOEQUALS option has been specified, then one observation for each BY group will still be retained by the ...For more information about BY-Group Processing and how SAS creates the temporary variables, FIRST and LAST, see How SAS Determines FIRST.variable and LAST.variable and How SAS Identifies the Beginning and End of a BY Group in SAS DATA Step Statements: Reference.. How SAS Determines FIRST.variable and LAST.variable …first.by variable value is=1 for the first observation in a dataset and rest of all the by group will be =0 except last.by variable. that will be one. You can observe it by writing example. if first.sex and last.x then flag=1; Thanks. Solved: Hi all, For instance a dataset is sorted by variable X.When SAS reads the last observation of the student ("last.idno") it outputs the data corresponding to the lowest exam type (lowtype) ... The observation is neither the first nor the last in the group of id numbers that equal 10, therefore first.idno and last.idno are both assigned a value of 0.Example 2: Finding the First and Last Words in a String. The following example scans a string for the first and last words. Note the following: A negative count instructs the CALL SCAN routine to scan from right to left. Leading and trailing delimiters are ignored because the M modifier is not used.data step1; set have; date=datepart(datetime); time=timepart(datetime); format date yymmdd10. time tod5.; run; Now sort by subject date and time and then take the last one for that date. proc sort data=step1 out=want; by subject date time; run; data want; set step1; by subject date time; if last.date; run;You're most likely needing to use RETAIN (implicit or explicit) and FIRST/LAST processing. proc sort data=sashelp.class out=class; by sex; data want; set class; *by group specified; by sex; *keep across rows; retain max_age; *if first of each Sex group; if first.sex then max_age = age; *other records; else max_age = max(age, max_age); *if last ...Apr 23, 2019 · The best thing you did is accurately count the number of elements in your array. I'm going to sketch out valid code for what I think you are trying to do here. data test33; set perso.test; by epci; array sexage {101} sexage000 - sexage100; array sex {101} SEXE1_AGED100000-SEXE1_AGED100100; if first.epci then do i=1 to 101; sexage{i} = 0; end ... 다른 방법이 있으시면 알려주시면 감사하겠습니다. /* 보통 오라클에서 FIRST와 LAST의 기능으로는 상관 서브쿼리를 사용하지만, SAS에서는 서브쿼리 사용시 HASH 조인으로 조인이 안되고, 필터를 사용하는듯 합니다. 아래의 몇가지 방법을 나열해 보았습니다. 방법이 ...I am trying to join the two datasets on first name and last name: proc sql; create table want as. select * from have1 a. inner join have2 b. on (a.have1_first_name=b.have2_first_name) and (a.have1_last_name=b.have1_last_name); quit; The join worked on about 2/3 of the dataset, but not the other 1/3. The problem is that I can't figure out why ...Dr. Smith T. Bauer MD Samuel I Rodriguez M.D. Will Glader MD How to split the above Physicians names into first and last names: Smith Bauer Samuel Rodriguez Will Glader I tried to compress Dr.,MD and then tried to compress middle initial.But it is not applicable to all cases.I am working on converting a SAS code to R but I am having trouble replicationg the IF First. & Last. command in R. The SAS command is -. Data A; Set B; BY CompID, Id, Date; IF First.Date; run; My understanding is that only the earliest date for a CompID, ID and Date combination is chosen and output into data A. Am I right?a) 534, i.e. the middle numbers Something like: Give me all numbers and then cut the first and last (that would work in my case). b) 1CDF536 Just removing the last two characters. Especially the first one is important and would be great if it works somehow. Best. SCAN & SUBSTR both work perfectly for me.2 24 2 22 ; run; proc sort data =k out=b; by id marks; run; data worst best; set b; by id marks; if first.id=1 then output worst; else if last.id=1 then output best; run; 5 1 0 5 5 5 5 5 0 1; data ...only the first argument, source: The argument has all blanks removed. If the argument is completely blank, then the result is a string with a length of zero. If you assign the result to a character variable with a fixed length, then the value of that variable will be padded with blanks to fill its defined length. the first two arguments, source ...Today: Tuesday, 15 Sep 2020 Next Week: Sunday, 20 Sep 2020 Previous Week: Sunday, 6 Sep 2020. You can also use the SAS INTNX function to calculate the first day, the last, or the same day of the week. To do so we need to use the alignemnt argument. In the example below we set this argument to “b” to calculate the first day of …will still be useful for SAS users using earlier versions of SAS software. This program capitalizes the first letter of the two character variables FIRST and LAST. The same technique could have other applications. The first step is to set all the letters to lowercase using the LOWCASE function. The first letter of each name is then turned backYou can use the scan() function in SAS to quickly split a string based on a particular delimiter. The following example shows how to use this function in practice. Example: Split Strings by Delimiter in SAS. Suppose we have the following dataset in SAS:SAS retain statement and first. last. options. FIRST. and LAST. automatic variables: When SAS dataset has got sorted by some variables then at the time datastep execution SAS creates two automatic variables called FIRST. and LAST. For example lets consider the example of ready made dataset CARS available in SASHELP library.Any one have any ready made macro to get different days of the month into Date9. format. first day of the month, first day of the last week Last day of the last week last saturday of last week First day of the current week etc.. some thing similar data _null_; yday=put(date()-1,date9.); today=put(d... First/Last and Do Loops need a value for maximum records to be transposed, which requires an additional step to get and set N as a macro variable First/Last and Do Loops need specific instructions to fill the excess records with blanks if number of existing records is less than N 19 Using First/Last and Do Loops 1 Substring in sas - extract last n character : Method 1. SUBSTR () Function takes up the column name as argument followed by start and length of string and calculates the substring. We have extracted Last N character in SAS using SUBSTR () Function and TRIM () Function as shown below. So the resultant table will be.What is FIRST. & LAST. ? The SET and BY statements in a data step tell SAS to process the data by grouping observations together. Whenever we use BY statement with a SET statement, SAS automatically creates two temporary variables for each variable name that appears in the BY statement. For the last observation in a data set, the value of all LAST. variable variables are set to 1. The values of both FIRST. and LAST. variables in SAS are either 1 or 0. FIRST. variable = 1, when an observation is the first observation in a BY group. FIRST. variable = 0, when an observation is not the first observation in a BY group. Feb 26, 2018 · BY-group processing in the DATA step is a fundamental operation that belongs in every SAS programmer's tool box. Use FIRST. and LAST. variables to find count the size of groups. The first example uses data from the Sashelp.Heart data set, which contains data for 5,209 patients in a medical study of heart disease. The data are distributed with SAS. There are multiple uses for this. Imagine you need to write a csv where the last line is expected to hold the number of records only: data _null_; file "myoutfile.csv" dlm=',' dsd; set sashelp.class end=eof; retain recordcount 0; if _n_ = 1 then put 'name,sex,age,height,weight'; put name sex age height weight; recordcount + 1; if eof then put recordcount; run;At the very first observation of each group (identified by the internal variable first.date, which takes the value 1 in this case), seq_id is set to 1. For all the next observations of the same date, the condition 'if first.date' is false so SAS applies the 'else' statement, which results in the accumulation of seq_id's previous value + 1 -> so ...When the LAG function is compiled, SAS allocates memory in a queue to hold the values of the variable that is listed in the LAG function. For example, if the variable in function LAG100 (x) is numeric with a length of 8 bytes, then the memory that is needed is 8 times 100, or 800 bytes. Therefore, the memory limit for the LAG function is based ...I have a dataset as follows: data have; input ID ID1 Mark1; datalines; 1 1 . 1 1 76 1 1 67 2 2 . 2 2 32 2 2 45 run; I would like to group by ID and ID1 and extract the first and last non-missing values of mark for each group so that the resultant dat...The following example computes annual payroll by department. It uses IF-THEN statements and the values of FIRST.variable and LAST.variable automatic variables ...Then using first. and last. variables and 2 cumulative (summarized) variables, you can generate this #1 report using the data set created in the DATA step program. I also included 2 separate steps for PROC REPORT and PROC TABULATE that generate the numbers you want without using a DATA step program:Any one have any ready made macro to get different days of the month into Date9. format. first day of the month, first day of the last week Last day of the last week last saturday of last week First day of the current week etc.. some thing similar data _null_; yday=put(date()-1,date9.); today=put(d...options cashost="viyaserver02" casport=5570; The first thing you need (and always need) when interacting with a CAS server is a CAS session. The session is created on the CAS server. You use the CAS statement to start a session and to connect to the SAS Cloud Analytic Services server. When you initially connect to SAS Cloud Analytic …This modifies just the first and last observations, which should be quite a bit faster than sorting or replacing a large dataset. You can do a similar thing with the update statement, but that only works if your dataset is already sorted / indexed by a unique key. ... subset of dataset using first and last in sas. 2. copy observation of one ...Page 2. Method #1 - Using PROC SORT to Remove Duplicates. The first method, and one that is popular with SAS professionals everywhere, uses PROC SORT to remove duplicates. The SORT procedure supports three options for the removal of duplicates: DUPOUT=. NODUPRECS. , and. NODUPKEYS. Specifying the DUPOUT= Option.I am trying to find the quickest way to save the observed value of a variable "pm" at the last "time" for each "id" per "dat" as a variable. So far I tried this code: proc sort data=dir.sampler; by date id time; run; data test; set dir.sampler; by date id time; lastpm=last.pm;I'm looking to do a one-to-many merge in SAS, where I would like to only keep the first match. Example data below: input id $ fruit $; input id $ color $; merge one two; by id; As you can see, this is a one-to-many merge. Is there a way to make it keep only the first match? i.e. the output would be as below: d coconut .Selection of the first and last observations from the dataset could be a little tricky. You can use the first. and last. variable but it only works with the grouping of the data. It doesn't work on the entire dataset. But the following options are available in SAS that helps you identify and extract last and first observations from a data set.The variable, which is initialized to 0, is set to 1 when the MERGE statement processes the last observation. If the input data sets have different numbers of observations, the END= variable is set to 1 when MERGE processes the last observation from all data sets. Tip: The END= variable is not added to any SAS data set that is being created.

The SQL language as originally defined in the 1980's and codified into 1992 standard that PROC SQL supports has no concept of first and last. Other implementations of SQL added extra non-standard features to get around this and ultimately the SQL standard was expanded to at least include windowing functions that allow something like processing .... Nail salon middlesex nj

first last in sas

SAS Version 9.4. Good day and thank you for looking at my question. data work.have; infile datalines dlm=' '; input CN $1. @5 SEN $1. @9 RT $1. @12 Value; datalines; x p d 5 x p b 7 x u d 6 x u b 8 y t d 2 y t b 8 z t d 3 z t b 9 q p d 4 q p b 6 ; run; proc sort data=work.have; by cn sen; run;Sep 11, 2013 · Corrected version. Data out; set in; by social_security_number year; if first.year then output; run; Explanation. You can have numerous by variables, and for each one first and last automatic variables are generated. In this case first.social_security_number would return only one record per social_security_number. data uscpi_dedupedByYear; set uscpi_sorted; by year; if first.year; /*only keep the first occurence of each distinct year. */. /*if last.year; */ /*only keep the last occurence of each distinct year*/. run; A lot depends on who your input dataset is sorted. For ex: If your input dataset is sorted by year & month and you use if first.year; then ...Corrected version. Data out; set in; by social_security_number year; if first.year then output; run; Explanation. You can have numerous by variables, and for each one first and last automatic variables are generated. In this case first.social_security_number would return only one record per social_security_number.Sample 26013: Carry non-missing values down a BY-Group. Use BY-Group processing, RETAIN, and conditional logic to carry non-missing values down a BY-Group. These sample files and code examples are provided by SAS Institute Inc. "as is" without warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to the implied warranties ...Select the Last Row by Group. Like the FIRST.variable, there also exists the LAST.variable. As you might expect, you can use the LAST.variable to select the last row of a group in SAS. The LAST.variable takes the value 1 if SAS processes the last row of a group, and 0 otherwise. You use the BY statement in the SAS Data Step to define the …Fortunately within SAS, there are several functions that allow you to perform a fuzzy match. I'll show you the most common of these functions and then I will show you an example that uses my favorite from this list. COMPARE Function. The COMPARE function returns the position of the leftmost character by which two strings differ, or returns 0 ...array my_name[3] $ first middle last; By default, array variables or other elements in the array have a length of 8 bytes. To specify a different length, include the desired length after the $ for character arrays and after the brackets for numeric arrays, as shown in these statements: array name[3] $10 first last middle;Using the First.with multiple BY variables, find first occurance for unique combo of by variable. How can i get first occurance basis multiple by variable for eg. for …To help others to find the answer, we have consolidated the most helpful answers into this one reply as an Accepted Solution. or ... /* Simple approach */ data last; /* get number of records (N) */ if 0 then set sashelp.class nobs=nobs end=eof; /* use POINT= to get nth record */ set sashelp.class point=nobs; output;Sep 11, 2019 · If you want to do so with PROC SQL, this has nothing to do with first./last. logic, which is a SAS Data Step concept. proc sql; create table want as. select * from sam. group by name. having value=min(value); quit; Result: name item value. naari battary 14. nehemiah ball 20. If you don't have a WHERE statement in your DATA step already, that would be the simple solution. Change this: if vistdat le &cutdate; to this: where vistdat le &cutdate; The WHERE statement subsets differently than IF. When using IF, the DATA step reads in observations then deletes some of them.First, Last, End Options. Started ‎09-18-2020 by. SAS코리아 ... Don't miss out on SAS Innovate - Register now for the FREE Livestream! Can't make it to Vegas? No problem! Watch our general sessions LIVE or on-demand starting April 17th. Hear from SAS execs, best-selling author Adam Grant, Hot Ones host Sean Evans, top tech journalist …For instance: 1) Customer Name Customer ID Address Customer Type. Joe Doe 123 123 Way Online (retain) Joe Doe 123 123 Way In-Store (delete) Ken Moore 456 456 Way Online (retain) Ken Moore 456 456 Way In-Store (delete) Lisa Mae 789 789 Way In-Store (retain) I want to keep the "Online" record (if duplicates) and delete the "In-Store" records ...E.g., if I was wrong and you only want the first and last records, then the following might suffice: data want; set have end=last; if _n_ eq 1 or last then output; run; Conversely, if you actually do need the minimum and maximum dates in the file, then you could use something like: data want (drop=_:); set have end=last;When it comes to finding the perfect pair of shoes, comfort and performance are two crucial factors that cannot be compromised. In the realm of men’s footwear, SAS shoes have gaine...The substring between the beginning of the string (^) and the first hyphen as well as the substring between the last hyphen and the end of the string ($) -- both are sequences of arbitrary characters except the hyphen, denoted by [^-]*-- are not part of FINAL. The replacement \1 stands for the substring matched by the pattern .* in parentheses..

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